Performing Happiness on the Clock: The Hidden Cost of Emotional Labor in America's Workplaces
Across industries, workers are expected to manage their emotions, absorb hostility, and project warmth as a condition of their employment—all without additional compensation or formal recognition. This invisible form of labor carries a profound psychological toll, disproportionately burdens women and workers of color, and remains one of the most underexamined forms of wage theft in the American economy. Understanding its scope is the first step toward demanding the dignity every worker deserves.